Spain continues to be one of the most attractive destinations in Europe for individuals and families looking to relocate, retire, work remotely, or establish long-term residence. Its quality of life, healthcare system, climate, and cultural appeal make it a popular choice for non-EU nationals seeking residency in the European Union.
However, Spanish immigration law offers several different residency pathways, each governed by specific legal requirements. Choosing the correct option from the outset is essential, as applying under the wrong category can lead to delays, refusals, or future renewal issues. The best Spanish residency option depends entirely on your personal, financial, and professional circumstances.
Spanish Residency for EU and Non-EU Nationals
EU, EEA, and Swiss citizens benefit from freedom of movement and can reside in Spain by applying for an EU certificate and demonstrating sufficient income or employment. For non-EU nationals, the process is more complex and requires applying for a suitable Spanish residence visa, either from the applicant’s country of residence or from Spain whilst here within the 90-day rule.
This article focuses primarily on Spanish residency options for non-EU citizens, as these involve formal visa applications and legal compliance.
The Main Spanish Residency Options
Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV)
The NLV is one of the most used residency routes for individuals who wish to live in Spain without working. It is particularly popular with retirees and those who can demonstrate sufficient passive income from pensions, investments, rental income, dividends or savings.
Holders of this visa are not permitted to engage in any professional or economic activity in Spain, and strict financial thresholds must be met both at the initial application stage and during renewals.
Initial applications are done through the applicant’s home country at their local Spanish consulate.
Digital Nomad Visa (DNV)
Spain’s DNV is designed for non-EU nationals who work remotely for companies or clients located outside Spain. This residency option has become increasingly popular among professionals in technology, consulting, marketing, and other remote-friendly sectors.
The DNV allows legal residence in Spain while maintaining foreign employment or freelance activity. In certain cases, applicants may also benefit from a special tax regime (Beckham’s law). That said, applicants must meet minimum income requirements, provide proof of remote work arrangements, and comply with limitations on Spanish-source income. Careful legal structuring is often required to ensure compliance with both immigration and tax regulations.
Spanish Work Visa
For those intending to work for a Spanish company or establish a business in Spain, a Spanish working visa may be the most appropriate option. This route provides full access to the Spanish labour market and inclusion in the social security system.
Work visas typically require a confirmed job offer from a Spanish employer or approval of a viable business plan in the case of self-employment. These applications can be legally complex, as employers may need to demonstrate that the role cannot easily be filled by a local or EU candidate. Despite this complexity, work visas offer a stable and secure pathway toward long-term residency.
Student Residence Visa
A Spanish student visa allows non-EU nationals to reside in Spain while enrolled in recognised educational institutions. This option is often used by younger applicants or those pursuing language studies, university degrees, or professional training.
Although student visas are temporary in nature, they may include limited work rights and can sometimes be modified into a work residence permit after completion of studies. However, time spent under a student visa does not always count toward permanent residency, which is an important consideration for those planning a long-term move to Spain.
Family Reunification Residency
Spanish immigration law allows legal residents and Spanish citizens to apply for family reunification for close relatives, including spouses, minor children, and dependent family members. This residency route enables families to live together legally in Spain and, in many cases, grants the right to work.
Applications for family reunification must meet strict legal criteria, including income and housing requirements, and require detailed documentation to prove the family relationship. When correctly prepared, this option provides long-term stability and integration into Spanish life.
Choosing the Right Spanish Residency Option
There is no single “best” Spanish residency option that applies to everyone. The correct choice depends on factors such as your nationality, income source, employment plans, family situation, and long-term intentions in Spain. Making an incorrect application can result in refusals or complications during renewals, which is why professional legal advice is strongly recommended.
The Importance of Legal Advice
Spanish immigration regulations are detailed and subject to change. Working with an experienced Spanish immigration lawyer ensures that your residency application is legally sound, correctly documented, and aligned with your long-term goals. Legal guidance can significantly reduce the risk of delays, refusals, or future compliance issues.
Conclusion
Obtaining Spanish residency is a significant legal and personal decision. While Spain offers a range of residency options, selecting the most appropriate pathway requires a clear understanding of immigration law and individual circumstances. With the right legal advice and preparation, the process can be smooth and secure, allowing you to begin your new life in Spain with confidence.
If you are considering applying for Spanish residency, our legal team is available to provide personalised advice and guide you through every stage of the process.